picions about the covenant of covenant and tribute in Islamic law and history

Abstract

Many suspicions circulate about Islam’s treatment of non-Muslims and their reality under its shadow throughout the stages of Islamic history, especially the intermediary of it, and at the head of these people are the people of the dhimma, who enjoyed a reality that they did not find in the shadow of their religions. Conditions such as the tribute, about which many lies were spread, such as claiming that collecting money is the goal of imposing it even though it is a few dirhams. And what was raised about the condition of the people of the dhimma when paying the tribute, and they said that they pay it in a reality of humiliation and pettiness, although it was not reported from the Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, nor from his honorable companions that they humiliated the people of the dhimma when it was collected, and they raised another suspicion related to their rulings on how peace be upon them, so it was understood by some as contempt. For the people of the dhimma, and this contradicts the goal of Islam, and what was also raised about the sealing of the necks of the people of the dhimma by some rulers when collecting the tax, and if the process is correct, then the purpose is not what they went to, and from all this it appears to us that what was raised of suspicions is a pure fabrication contrary to the tolerance of Islam.