Leaders' Requirements in Facing Crises

Abstract

Our contemporary world is not without crises, and managing them is a necessary process dictated by crisis situations. This process is as old as human civilization itself, but it did not receive scientific attention and academic study until after World War II, specifically following the Cuban Missile Crisis, which serves as an example of successful management of an international crisis during the Cold War. Amidst the growing interest in studying crisis management as both a science and an art, the decision-making process and those responsible for it during crises were largely neglected. Initially, the scientific study of crisis management relied on traditional administrative theories and studies of decision-making and administrative leaders during ordinary times. However, these theories did not address decisions made under exceptional and critical circumstances, nor did they consider the psychological state of administrative leaders as a result of the effects of a crisis.