The basis for establishing liability of Autonomous Shipsfor damages they cause in the Light of Modern Legislation in the UAE

Abstract

This study addressed the provisions of civil liability for damages caused by autonomous ships by presenting various theories of liability and the extent to which they can be applied to autonomous ships operating AI systems. The study concluded with several results, the most important of which was the involvement of multiple parties in the operation of artificial intelligence systems, such as their manufacturer, programmer, developer, user, or owner. It also highlighted that compulsory insurance systems and compensation funds are among the most important mechanisms through which the effects of liability arising from damages caused by autonomous ships can be addressed. The study also recommended the inclusion of rules regulating autonomous ships, wherein operators of artificial intelligence systems bear leadership, administrative, and commercial responsibilities according to their degree of involvement in ship operations. It suggested drawing upon the provisions outlined in Law No. 4 of 2020 regulating drones in Dubai, and Law No. 9 of 2023 regulating the operation of autonomous vehicles in Dubai, particularly regarding insurance, vehicle registration, and their application in the field of self-driving ships operated by artificial intelligence.