The conflict between Ibn al-Thamana and Ibn al-Hawas in Sicily and its repercussions (444-484 AH/1052-1091 AD)

Abstract

At the beginning of the year 444 AH/1052 AD, Islamic Sicily was exposed to the most dangerous stage in its history, which was its division into several warring states after the fall of the Kalbid rule. This led to disagreements among its rulers and their struggle for power. The conflict between Ibn al-Thamana and Ibn al-Hawas, and the latter’s seeking help from the Norman Christians, hastened the fall of this island into their hands, and its transformation into a house of unbelief and polytheism after having been a house of Islam and faith. It also led to thousands of Muslims being killed or captured by the Crusaders, and to the balance of power shifting from the hands of the Muslims to the Norman Christians, who then occupied the coasts of the lower and central Maghreb.