The Algerian Historical Journal (A.H.J) is an international, open‑access, peer‑reviewed academic journal published semi‑annually in June and December by the Laboratory of Studies and Research on the Algerian Revolution at Mohamed Boudiaf University of M’sila, Algeria. The journal publishes original research articles written in Arabic, English, and French and welcomes contributions from researchers inside and outside Algeria. Its scope covers general history in all periods — ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary — emphasizing scientific rigor, methodological accuracy, and objective research that contributes to historical knowledge at national and international levels. All articles must include a title and abstract in both the article language and English. Print ISSN: 2572‑0023 Online ISSN (E‑ISSN): 2716‑9065
The Animal Sacrifices and their Presentation Ritual by the Punics
The sacrifices are regarded as the most eminent spread religious manifestations into the ancient people, who used to do them often inside the temples in an individual or collective form according to special rituals and ceremonies and in various occasions like: thanks to the Gods or to collect an abundant harvest or to avoid a prompt danger. Whereas; in the Punic religion the animal sacrifices are the most important and present; it was regarded as an extension of the phonenician. Religion with some minor changes that occurred over time. It also knew some foreign influences coming from pharaonic Egypt and ancient Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Algerian Historical Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The diversity and richness of the archaeological heritage in the Tebessa region reflects its historical and civilizational importance, and shows the geographical location strategy that the city of Tebessa takes, which made it a human inhabited place from prehistoric times to the present day; It was one of the North African cities that increased in importance and fame at the end of the first century AD with the presence of the Third Augustus Legion in it; who transformed the Numidian paths into a network of real roads; It carried Roman standards, served Rome's military, settlemen, political and economic purposes, and helped urban stability and prosperity; Cities, cultural centers, and rural communities were formed along those roads and at their ends
The Numidian King Hiempsal II (90-60 BC) Through material and literary resources
The first half of the first contry BC was one of the most mysterious and intricate Numidian historical eras, However, many ancient resources refered to one local king whose name is Hiempsal II, These references were in many Greek and Latin literary resources which talks about his role in the First Roman civil war. Besides, his sending many embassies to Rome, and other sings in many references in epigraphia discovered in the old Magreb and outside in th Greek Island of Rhodes. All these signs indicate the important position of this king due to the economic prosperity of his kingdom. Through these literary and material resources, it can be concluded that there is an image about th Numidian monarchy throughout this troubled era of the ancient maghrebian hostory, about the political situation of the kingdom and his borders, as well about the personality of this king, and the problematic of editing what was known as the Punic books.
The Roman partisan struggle and the role of the Numidian King Juba Ier in its events
Through this article, we try to shed light on the Roman partisan conflict that negatively affected North Africa, and it erupted between the Roman leaders in order to spread their expansionist policy, and the rebellious Numidian king also included “juba Ier” as a party to it, when he wanted to restore the province that M. Occupied by the Romans after the fall of Carthage 146 BC. We will also try to find out, besides the reasons for the outbreak of this conflict, the role played by the Numidian King Juba Ier in it, so that we can stand the impact he had on Numidia..
A historical approach by the authors Lactantius and Augustinus through their books "The Divine Systems" and "The City of God"
The history of the ancient Maghreb is full of scientific, religious and literary figures that had a great influence on human thought, and most of them were written in Latin. Among these are two mystical thinkers and researchers of Christian theology of Afro-Maghreb origin, Lactantius Caecilius Firminus, who is best known for his famous author of the Christian world, The Encyclopedia of "Divine Systems", which had a great influence on medieval and later Renaissance thought. Also, the book "The City of God" by St. Augustine, this book had a great influence on Christian thought and culture. In this work, I will try to present a historical approach to both authors and to know the positives and shortcomings that these works carry to achieve their goals
Evaluation study of the factors of damage to the mosaics preserved in the new musée of Cherchel
Ancient civilizations were interested in many arts most notabli the art of mosaic and it was the technique in an-cient period that used to decorating of buil-dings,palaces and baths. This cultural heritage suffers from many factors of damage however its importance specially in mu-seums such as mechanic damage as pression and vi-brations, in addition physi-chemical damage as humi-dity, the heat and salts, and we don t forget biological damage like microorganisms,algae and bird dropping all this types of damage can causes many damage as-pects that distrotion beautiful image of moasaic ,and maybe can lose its historical and artistic value ,soi t is necessary to provide all means of protection and res-toration with conservation to preserve this important cultural heritage
The origin of the raw material of Algerian rural silver jewelry, Beni Yeni as a model
The Algerian cultural heritage is the eternal soul of the nation. It is distinguished by its races, its authenticity, its diversity, its richness, and its creative accumulation through the historical times. The strategy that has made this cultural heritage a destination for tourists is to preserve thistraditional craft that symbolizes the cultural identity of a rural community in its different aspects of life, beliefs, customs and popular habits. The raw material for the manufacture of jewellery in Beni Yeni region varied between different metals (silver, copper, enamel) in addition to organic materials (vegetable, animal). This craft links the common historical background between the members of the society, and its influence on the Jews, to the point of becoming a monopoly on them in the whole Algerian country.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Algerian Historical Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The berbers of the fields in the Sahara of the Central Maghreb and its northern Outskirts from the Islamic conquest to the end of the 3AH⁄9AD
This resarch deals with the Berbers of the fields in the Sahara of the Central Maghreb and its outskirts from the conquest to the end of the 3AH/9AD, as a form of tribal settlement presented by Ibn Khaldun during his history and represents the areas scattered in the northern sahara edges of Central Maghreb and extending along the hills and areas located South Erg near Sudan ,home to the Bedouin tribes of the great nomads ,where Zenata and some of the tribes of Al-Botar were able to dominate its northern areas and Outskirts of its sahara.On the other hand ,Elmolathamoun spread to its southern areas behind Al-Irg .The nature of Sahra contributed to imposing certain types of economic activity like breeding camels, raiding weak tribes and caravans or guide and securing them for huge money.
Concentration and Coherence of the Field in the Islamic State of the Caliphate from the Foundation to the End of the Umayyad Era(11-132 A.H)
Although it was based on strong administrative structures, the empire of early Islam was not a coherent building in which the relationship of the center to the parties was integrated in a clear and organized way, as is the case with the empire of the Romans or others. In addition to the division of the imperial space into eastern and Maghreb wings, each province enjoyed a great deal of independence derived from the presence of a regional administrative apparatus and the absence of a precise formula between it and the administration in the center. These divisions, at the heart of the imperial sphere, led to the growing role of some intermediary states, such as Egypt and Iraq, as they became administratively and politically supervising vast areas, thus forming a multi-centered empire that lacks coherence and harmony.
Andalusian immigration and its scientific impact on the Middle Maghreb between the 2-8 AH/8-14 CE centuries
The Middle Maghreb was an important station for Andalusian immigration since the Islamic conquest until after the fall of Granada, and several motives contributed to the continuation of immigration. They held a number of political, religious and cultural positions and contributed to the revitalization of scientific life, especially in the period between the second and eighth centuries AH. What are the stages of Andalusian migration to the Central Maghreb? And what is its scientific impact?
The Middle Maghreb Man, space, and integration
The Middle Maghreb isconsidered as a virgin land for historical, social, cultural and psychologicalstudiesbecauseitwas able to maintainitsbordersthroughout the Middle Ages, despite the changes in states and politicalentities. It exists in a strategicenvironment, between the eastern Maghreb and Morocco, and extendsfrom Tlemcen in the west to coasts of pune to the east and the most accurate marsa Alkhbarat the borders of ancient carthage, and eastern and western relief in the south, on the borderswithsub-saharanAfrica. The Middle Maghreb isdistinguished by itsnumerousnaturalresources and diverse wealth, which are reflected in all aspects of human life in thisextendeddomain, helpingit in itsvariousactivities.The important geographical location of the Middle Maghreb has playeditsrole as a linkbetween the capitals of the Islamic West and by movingtowards the center of trade, due to the expansion of urbanization and the diversity of roads. Several States wereestablished on itssoilduring the Middle Ages, such as the Rostemids, The Hammadites and The Almohads, whofavoredthis communication.
The city Achir capital of the Zirid state in the Central Maghreb 324AH / 935 AD
Founded in the central Maghreb at the beginning of the century of 4AH/10AD several cities, played a major role in the urban and intellectual movement of the central Maghreb. The Sanhaja tribe also established the first Berber city in the central Maghreb (Asheer) in the shadow of Islamic civilization. She greatly contributed to the extension of Fatimid and Sanhaji influence in the Islamic Maghreb. She also played a major role in the urban development and architectural development of the cities of central Morocco, and inherited many cities that were founded after her, in particular the city of Qal'at Bani Hammad, and the archaeological evidence preserved in the national museums are the best witness to this. This research aims to introduce the political history and urban development of the city of Asher, and to highlight its urban expansion from the era of Ziri bin Manad until its destruction under the era of the Almohad state.
Evolution of the Arabic knowledge about western and central Sūdãn The region’s information in the Arab geographical works until the end of the (4AH/10AD) century
Knowledge about a geographical field is formed as a result of a group of factors, the most important of it is eye-witness, or reporting the news through what others declared, or accumulating hearing, Gradually, images about this geographical area are formed in the person’s imagination, It becomes more clear, and perhaps becomes confused and unclear, there is no doubt that distant geographical areas, such as those located south of the desert and known as the countries of Sūdãn, began to witness an increasing presence in Arab geographical works, which controlled the image of this region in the Arab imagination in the medieval era .This article examines the mechanisms of reporting the news and the type of knowledge achieved in these areas until the end of the fourth century AH (10AD).
The impact of the Andalsian mathematic School of on the development of math studies in the Middle Maghreb from the 4th to the 9th century AH/10-15A
There are many studies that have focused on highlighting the Andalusian schools of thought:jurispudance, linguistic,mysticism, and art..in the from of the scientificparctical life system in the middle Maghreb.On the other hand, the mathematical and astronomical school did not receive the same attention and value. If the astronomical school is outside the scope of our research,the Andalusian School of Mathematics is the backbone and main focus of research, and it is a school whose presence in the aforementioned schools has been proven by historical sources.It established its pillars, formulated its curricula according to the general cultural climate, multiplied its students and provided the sports arena with an intellectual balance that covered severalmatematics fields, and it had a clear impact of the South bank "al-‘udwamaghribia " in general, and the in the Central Maghreb in particula
Abual-Fadl Ibn al-Nahwi (d 513Ah) and his impact on scientific and political life in the Maghreb (434-513ah/1042-1116ad)
Abu al-Fadl ibn al-Nahwi (died 513 AH) is considered one of the most prominent personalities in the Islamic West. He acquired a wide culture in the sciences of transportation, which enabled him to contribute to the scientific life in the cities in which he settled, through practicing education in mosques, and teaching the scholars of jurisprudence and principles, in addition to the science of theology (sufism). Ibn al-Nahawi interacted with the burning incident of the Book of Revival by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH), during the era of Ali bin Yusuf bin Tashfin, and issued a fatwa that it was not necessary, similar to the jurists who rejected it, which made him enter into a peaceful conflict with the Almoravid authority that annoyed him, and forced him to Return to the castle.
Nawazil Ibn Rushd, the grandfather (d. 520 AH) – as a model
Our study deals with the issue of the beginning of the circulation of the Ash'ari faith in the Islamic West, based on one of the Nawazili sources during the 6th century AH / 12th century AD by Judge Ibn Rushd the grandfather and entitled "Ibn Rushd's Grandfather Fatwas". The book included only three out of dozens of fatwas and our study is an attempt to root the spread of The Ash'ari Creed in the Islamic West, based on the books of calamities. Focus will be on the transfer of Ash'ari to the Islamic West, the emergence and engagement of jurists with theology. The paper also deals with the relationship of Ash'ari with jurisprudential schools, especially the Maliki schools, and the place of theology in the Ash'ari faith. The extraction and study of those calamities would represent an addition to the historical research, due to its importance from the temporal, intellectual and doctrinal point of view in the Islamic West
Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al-Sinhaji (about 500 / 561 ah) his activities and his contribution to scientific life in the Maghreb and the Mashreq
the purpose of this study is to reveal the personality of the theologian, scholar of hadith and linguist, Abdullah ibn Muhammad Ibn Al-Ashiri, he exercised the function of scribe among the in Andalusia; due to the exations , he was forced to emigrate to the Mashrek. He settled in Damascus,then Aleppo, and Baghdad. Ibn al-Ashiri was highly esteemed, students and scholars attended his classes. He had written many works which have unfortunately disappeared, only some of his titles are mentioned in historical sources. Ibn al-Ashiri died near Baalbeck in 561 ah, while traveling with Al-Malik al-Adil towards Homs, and buried in north of Baalbek.
The impact of the Albigensian Crusade on the Kingdom of Aragon
Through this study, we will try to identify the Crusade that the papacy declared against the many heretics in southern France, and how this movement affected the political, religious, social and economic conditions of that region. The Kingdom of Aragon was the most affected by this movement, when it lost one of its most famous and bravest kings, Pedro II (the Chaste), who found himself involved in this war against his will, just as the Kingdom of Aragon lost its most famous follower in this war in southern France .
The central Maghreb's Hadith tellers between the Detective Hadith and the Ingenuity of know, how from the end of conquest until the end of Sixth century AH (12th AD)
The science of hadith established itself among the transmitted sciences in Maghreb. these texts, came to the Maghreb with the early conquests led by prophet companions. Due to the unstable situation and the change in politics and the different aspects of life, their impact could reach the science of hadith and hadith tellers, especially as far as methodology, with the appearance of traces related to sciences in the books of hadith tellers in central Maghreb.
Scientific metropolises in the Central Maghreb and their contribution to the revival of the intellectual system in the Middle Ages
There is no doubt that the Central Maghreb has inherited an important heritage from the statelets that were established on its soil, starting from the Rustamiya state in Tehert to the Hammadid state in the Citadel and Bejaia, then the Almohad state in Marrakesh, and then the Hafsid state in the eastern part of its soil and the Zayan state in the western part. This accumulated heritage through the scientific movement of the cities of the Central Maghreb contributed to the crystallization of the scientific space of the Central Maghreb during the centuries 7-8-9 AH/13-14-15 CE, which was embodied in the historical astégraphia books that spoke about the Islamic Maghreb as a whole and the Central Maghreb in particular, which were translated She also praised the scientific metropolis of the Central Maghreb and its role in making the learned elites.
Curriculum of Andalusian Indexers - Analytical Study - Pulp Indexing
Cultural life varied in Andalusia during the 7th century, where the features and features of Andalusian thought emerged from the ity of intellectual production, which could not be counted by books but by volumes, From this point of view, we have focused our intervention on the importance of the books of indexes as a manifestation of the enrichment of Andalusian heritage, based on the index of Ahmed Ben Yusuf Ben Ali Al-Fihri, as a model from which we reveal the Andalusian character during the seventh century and the level of the Andalusia.
The inscriptions carved on the collar of the Lions fountain in the Red of Granada
The inscriptions carved on the collar and circumference of the Lions Fountain in the Alhambra are studied within the field of Islamic archeology and arts because of their close connection with the Arab-Islamic civilization in Andalusia during the eighteenth century AH fourteenth century CE . In this perspective, it belongs to what archaeologists call the term "fixed monuments". In studying it, we have adopted the extrapolation of historical information and quoting it from its assumptions, whether it is related to the life and biography of the minister poet Ibn Zamrak, or to the poems carved by diving into the mothers of literary books such as the poetry of the poet, the rest and the aware. We also disassembled these writings, read them, interviewed their texts, and compared them with reliable archaeological sources and documents because it is difficult to challenge them.
Abul-Abbas Ahmed Shamakhi: His biography and method in his biography
This paper was exposed some aspects of the biography of Sheikh Abul-Abbas Ahmed Shamakhi(d.928ah/1522 ad), the author of the Siyar, , and the definition of his important other works of jurisprudence and doctrinal. It also touched on the approach that he followed in his biography , as he is a model for a moroccan Ibadi biographer, who represents the last Ibadi historians of the medieval era, who collected biographies before him of Ibadi biographies.I found that he followed in his biography unique approach, mixed the approaches of his pedecessors such as Wardjilani, Wassiani and Dargini, in a simple style, free of strange words, he was able in his book to makes him Siyars ibadi encyclopedia to walk before him.
Forms of Agricultural Organization in the Islamic Maghreb from the fourth century AH to the seventh century AH 10-13AD
The historical and geographicalblogs recorded the nature of the economic relations thatprevailed in the Islamic Maghreb in the Middle Ages; This article reflects the mostprominent agricultural organizationscarried out by the Islamic Maghreb countries from the fourthcentury to the seventhcentury AH / 10-13 AD in order to advance the pace of trade exchangesbetween the various commercial centerswithin the external and internalmarkets; And how political and economicfactorscontrolled agricultural organizationsacross the stages of countries. Humanfactorsalsocontrolled the agricultural organization in the Islamic Maghreb and thusreflectedthat on the trade relations between countries in the studiedperiodfrom 4-7 AH/10-13 AD; And the extent of the state’spreservation of the agricultural organizationthatprevailedunder the political and military conditions.
The role of Cardinal Bessarion in the emergeance of the crusade idea (1450-1472)
Bessarion was defeated, was forced to return back to Italy (1440), where he stayed for ever. The Cardinal Bessarion, didn’t hesitate to infiltrate himself with the latin humanists, it’s due to his work those people were able to discover a considerable part of the greek classic heritage. The aspects have elaborated and detailed in one of my previous study. In fact, Bessarion played a role of a legal pontifical, the most actif and prefered, from 1450 til his death on 1472. He called the supreme masters of the West to enter under the sovereinty of the pope to led a great war with a wide dimensions against the Ottomans, but he faild.
The administrative and organizational institutions of the castle of Bani Abbas under the Ottoman rule Algeria (1510 -1830 A.D.)
The castle of Bani Abbas was the last empire in the Middle Maghreb (Algeria), where the family of Sheikh Abderrahmane, whose son Abbas had a role in the emergence of this Empire under the events of unrest political conditions, coincided with the Spanish attacks on the coast of Algeria with the Barbaros brothers; there was a kind of relationship of reconciliation and conflict between the princes of the castle and the Ottoman authority in Algeria, until the fall of the emirate in the hands of The Ottoman Empire in Algeria at the end of the reign of Si Nasser in 1604 A.D.and the transfer of the seat of the government to Medjana (Mjana) to represent the castle a traditional customary system represented in the Amazigh custom system, embodied in the village council (Thagamath) (Thajmaath).
Architectural plans for the ottoman civil buildings in Mascara city
Civil architecture in Algeria during the Ottoman period was affected by the Ottoman architectural style, as many new architectural styles and elements were introduced into its plans, which were not known before. It also included all aspects of life in terms of the availability of political, social, health, economic and cultural conditions. Prof. Dr. Laraj Abdul Aziz, may God have mercy on him, discussed in several researches these models and schemes, especially religious and civil ones, This study aims to introduce the civilian buildings in the city of Mascara, and their architectural and artistic styles by comparing them with the installations of Algeria during the Ottoman period, where we finally reached the similarity of the civilian buildings in Mascara in their architectural and artistic styles with their counterparts in Algeria.
An Overview of the Industry and Handicraft in Algeria during the Ottoman Era
This article examines the industry in Algeria during the Ottoman Era. It consists of two parts. The first deals with the biggest industries, the most important of which are: shipbuilding industry; extractive industry; railroad construction; the construction of cannons, weapons and gunpowder and building materials industry. This industry saw a great backwardness in comparison with the European countries. The second deals with the handicraft and traditional industry. We dealt with the government’s organization of the handicraft activities, then, we explained its main types. The products were excellent but were directed just to the local market.
Types of vessels adopted in the Algerian Navy between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries
After joining the Ottoman Caliphate in 1519, Algeria sought make military efforts in cooperation with the Ottomans and before the increase of European harassment and naval attacks against it, it took care of the development of its navy. Because of its strategic loction in front of Europe, Algeria has become an advanced base for the Islamic world, making it necessary to take care of its fortifications and its fleet. As long as the competitiveness of the ship guaranteed maritime sovereignty and secure borders, Algerians focused on the construction and armament of vessels, making the Algerian ship unique with special characteristics
Algerian coastal cities in the 10th century AH / 16 AD when Marmol Karbakhal and Abi al-Hassan al-Tamqrouti - Comparative study-
These pages are about Algerian coastal cities in the 10th century AH / 16 AD in the eyes of a European writer, who is like a traveler who lived a good period of time in the North African region, compared to what was mentioned by a Moroccan ambassador who passed through the coast of Algeria and landed in many of its cities, heading to Constantinople on a diplomatic mission Through this, we decided to present these cities, which are the outposts of Algeria, according to what both writers have written about them; European and Arab, trying to identify the points of similarity and difference between them in this matter. Accordingly, the problem revolves around the definition of the two writers and their sources, and how was their view of these cities? What are the factors that influenced their writing about these cities? What are their sources for that other than observation and
The Question of the borders between Algeria and Tunisia and their effect on commercial activity in the17AD and 18AD centuries
The conflict on borders regarded the main aspect that govern the relationship between the state of Algeria and Tunisia. Most of historians proved that this relationship was not clearly neither politically nor geographically. This situation promoted the rulers of both states to expand their influence on the borders, despite the 1614 treaty and its amendment in the 1628 AD, the conflict remain and the tribes spread on the borders further. The conflict reflected the dynamic of trade between the states and led to destabilization and resulted to unsecurity on the tread roads and spread of robbery. It also contributed to raising the prices of imported goods on the both states
The war of the two cities, Fez and Marrakesh, between revenge and the throne (1603-1613)
This article targets an important era of the Saadian state, the period after Al-Mansur Al-Dhahabi in 1603; After which Morocco entered Al-Aqsa in a state of disintegration and division, it began in the form of a dispute between the three sons of Al-Mansur over the mandate of the covenant, and at a time when Zaidan resorted to the city of Fez, which supported him and pledged allegiance to him at first, the city of Fez turned to give the pledge of allegiance to his brother Al-Mamoun, and there was no conflict left for the brothers of For the rule, it became a struggle between two cities for the purpose of rule, influence and revenge. These events ravaged even the case of Mawla Zaidan, al-Mamun and their brother Abu Faris, due to the different and vacillating positions, and soon the matter turned into wars of revenge and long disputes in which the Saadi House was divided into two parts: the Kingdom of Fez led by Abdullah bin al-Mamun and the Kingdom of Marrakesh, led by Zaidan, two completely independent Saadian kingdoms.
Gifts and returns of senior officials of the regency of Algeria accompanying the trip of Dennoucheduring the period of the Deys 1671-1830
Our study is a statistical study of the total value of the Dennouche that the Bey was providing to the regency’s treasury, and what was being allocated as gifts and returns to senior officials, as the latter was the most important category running the regency. This is done through addressing and defining Dennouche’s trip. The topic focused more on the nature of these gifts and returns, including money and in-kind assets. The most important conclusion we reached is that the Dennouche was one of the major sources of income for this category, so any delay in their submission or dissatisfaction with their value exposes the Bey to isolation and exile.
The religious Impact on public life in morocco in the Alawi era, the issue of honor as a model
The issue of honor is one of the issues that grabbed the attention of the alawite authority in the far Maghreb. All kinds of research and investigation were conducted on it, since the alawite state was the first honorable state independent of the east, explicitly attested by genealogy in that era. The rulers of the alawite dynasty worked since their first reign in morocco to combat all attempts to impersonate the noble lineage. In addition to the religious symbolism of honor, the sultans of the alawite dynasty worked to exploit this issue for purely political purposes, by employing the honorable lineage in these issues, and trying to legitimize their authority over the far Maghreb.
Bey Mustapha bouchlaghem Al-Masrati (1686-1734) And his efforts in Open of Oran I in 1708
The West's beylek had its specificity due to its strategic location and internal and external circumstances associated with internal disturbances, and external threats, these circumstances and factors imposed the existence of bayat able to control the situation and address threats and work to recover oran. Our article, entitled "Bey Mustapha bouchlaghem Al-Masrati (1686-1734 AD) and his efforts in Open of oran I 1708", revolves around the reign of Bey Mustapha Bouchlaghem al-Masrati and his efforts in expanding the borders of the Beylek, and in recapturing Oran from the Spanish occupation in 1708.
The problem of environmental pollution and its impact on historical buildings- Oran City Case Study-
Pollution is defined as the introduction of new substances into living environmental elements, including plants, animals, humans, and the installation of non-living natural elements such as air, soil, etc. that have disrupted environmental elements. Although environmental pollution can be the result of natural accidents, the word "pollution" generally means that pollutants have a human source, i.e. from human activities. Through this topic, we aim to know the impact of environmental pollution, with the difference and diversity of its natural and human resources, on the architectural heritage. The effects of pollution on materials can be felt at the level local, by a corrosion effect due to sulfur dioxide, blackening and crusts of buildings by largely dust from the combustion of petroleum products, as well as by different weather changes, humidity and microorganisms.
Famines between celestial pests and human factors in Algeria - from the early 18th century to the first third of the 19th century-
In this paper, we discuss the economic and social topic of Algeria in the Ottoman era, and as a historical study of part of the pandemics and crises that affected the country in this period, we touched on the famines that algeria was repeatedly subjected to, which was often part of a series of events experienced by the state, as a disaster that ruined the demographic growth of the population of Algeria, regardless of the natural and human factors behind it, after which it was known a series of major transformations and decisive turns in its historical course, which often prevented Without accelerating development, it is characterized by the breakdown or lack of food security as a result of a number of causes, including direct and indirect causes, and has strong security, psychological and social impacts.
The politics of power and society in the face of epidemics and famines in the province of Algeria during the 18-19 century AD
This study aims to identify the policy of the regency of Algeria in times of epidemics and famines, from a set of documents, which inform us about the modes of transmission of epidemics in Algeria and the way of to face. an economic policy based on the reduction of grain exports. As for society, it resorts to solidarity and opens landfills to distribute food to the needy. Epidemics have affected demographics, and fear of infection drives people to flee from population centers to the mountains, impacting socio-economic movement. Periods of epidemics are followed by famines which lead to high commodity prices and food shortages, and this is what led to the importation of grain from the Ottoman Empire
The pagan kingdoms in the Gulf of Guinea and their role in fighting European colonialism during the 19th century AD (the kingdoms of Dahomey and Ashanti) as a model
Since the landing of their first ships in the Gulf of Guinea, France and Britain have worked to establish good relations with the peoples of this region, in order to tighten their grip and commercial and political control, which made the two European countries enter into a conflict that in many cases could turn into a bloody conflict had it not been for the Diplomacy intervened in the terminology of the conflict between the two parties. France and Britain, during their attempt to penetrate into the interior of the Gulf of Guinea region during the last quarter of the 19th century AD, were subjected to fierce and valiant resistance by the local population. The spirit of this resistance was embodied by the Dahomey people and the strong Ashanti people, who rejected all Forms of subordination to the colonizer. The two European countries used various means by recruiting officers and consuls who pursued a peaceful policy by concluding friendship and trade treaties with African leaders at times, and the policy of war by launching military and combing campaigns at other times.
IDEAS OF LIBERAL MODERNIZATION AND "WESTERNIZATION" IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF R. R. AT-TAHTAWI IN EGYPT AND Y. FUKUZAWA IN JAPAN
The Egyptian thinker Rifa'a Rafi' at-Tahtawi (1801-1873) and the japanese writer and philosopher Yukichi Fukuzawa (1835-1901) made a great contribution to the development of public life in their countries, contributing to the attempt to adopt the achievements of western civilization by their compatriots. Both were engaged in teaching, translating and writing, forming a prominent constellation of successful students who followed suit. Both visited western countries and were convinced of the need to borrow and adopt primarily western scientific and educational models. In their campaigns for the study of western civilization, they insisted on the importance of western knowledge, languages, and various sciences, but taking into account national peculiarities, indigenous cultures, and norms of social behavior. Therefore, both Fukuzawa and at-Tahtawi to preserve national traditions, as they were opposed to the blind tradition of the west. On the other hand, they sought to find a formula for the modernization of their societies that would allow them to preserve the sanctity and immunity of national culture, supplementing it with everything necessary for renewal and enabling an adaptation to the changing circumstances.
Women's clothing, ornaments and cosmetics in the Laghouat region during the 19th century
The article is a historical, social and cultural study, as it focuses on one of the aspects of social and cultural life in the Laghouat region, and specifically studies the dress, jewelry and adornment tools of women in the Laghouat region during the 19th century AD. As it reflects important aspects of the culture and thought of this society, where women took care of their appearance, they dressed in fashion that reflects the society's adherence to the teachings of its religion, and its preservation of its customs and traditions. In addition to women's interest in highlighting their beauty, by wearing different pieces of jewelry, to fix their clothes and to decorate as well. And the use of tools and natural materials to adorn it, such as henna, kohl and toothpicks, was able with simple tools to preserve its beauty and brilliance.
Marriage among category of freed women in the city society of Algiers during the ottoman era between 1800-1830
Some marginalized groups in society ,such as slaves and freedmen ,did not receive adequate studies during the Ottoman period, and perhaps this is what motivates us to search for the fate of the freed slaves especially the category of freed women which occupied an important place in the society of the city of Algiers during the first half of the 19th century ,as a result of the growing phenomenon of Manumission ,which liberated the freed woman from the bondage of slavery and made her a free woman ,but at the same time left her bound by her past through her title and the continuation of her relationship with her master .Therefore , it was important to identify the reality of this category of women , and to extract the difficulties they faced in order to rise in society and integrate into it through marriage
The efforts of Algerian scholars in serving the Moroccan manuscript During the 19th century" Mushrifies scientists as a model "
The Algerian scholars who immigrated to Morocco when the French occupation entered their country formed an important part of the Moroccan elite of scholars and thinkers. Thanks to their various writings and varied knowledge, these people contributed to enrich the Moroccan manuscript heritage with a significant stockpile of books and literature which focused on addressing a set of issues that concerned the state and society in Morocco during the nineteenth century. Additionally, official and private libraries in Morocco include a large number of manuscripts produced by Algerian writers, which dealt with various areas of knowledge such as history, jurisprudence, literature, politics, translation, and science. Al-Msharafi family scholars have played an integral part in these efforts through the large number of manuscripts they left behind, which received great and special interest among the political and scientific elite in Morocco. In this modest paper, we try to investigate how far Algerian productions contributed to the Moroccan manuscript via analyzing and evaluating the number of manuscripts they left in Morocco; to identify the fields of the knowledge covered by these manuscripts; to recognize the context and perspective from which these scholars started their work, and to determine the the scientific value of these manuscripts as well as their historial and cultural significance.
The Emigration of the Algerian Elite to Tunisia in the Nineteenth Century: the Reasons & the Challenges
During the 19th c, the Algerian Elite emigrated to Tunisia in order to escape from French abuses when they felt oppressed by the unfair occupier. Another push-factor lies behind their emigration to Tunisia; it was purely religious, since the Muslim is required to emigrate whenever he feels that his creed is desecrated. This study attempts to exhibit the real reasons behind such emigration by demonstrating the role of the religions factor, and the colonial policy in such decision. Furthermore, the paper presents some other samples of elite emigrants and the challenges they faced there. This Elite comprises: scholars,National armed resistance leaders some Algerian dignitaries
Military and Politic history of Algeria through archive documents of National Library El-Hamma (year study 1242-1243Hijri/1827AD)
History is the memory of people, from which the identity is sourced and the future is built. Therefore, nations value history and its documents and seek it everywhere to put it in libraries and museums. Nevertheless, in Algeria under the colonization, this resource was abused and moved overseas. Under the light of what was left or retrieved, I studied documents from Ottoman archives in the National Library of Hamma and shed some light on its scientific and historic documents, especially, the case of maritime siege, volunteers’ recruitment and Navarine battle of 1827 AD. due to its consequences on Algeria and the region overall.
A reading of French real estate legislation and its impact on the ownership of Algerians 1830-1897
Since its occupation of Algeria, France has encountered a reality that is contrary to its political, economic and social system, and this is due to the civilizational characteristics that characterize the Algerian people, especially its legislative and judicial system of an Islamic character. Therefore, France tried to limit the ownership of the Algerians and treated them with special treatment. In its legal systems, it called them “the people” and this is to determine the type of legislation to be adopted in their new colony in order to serve the settlement project. French legislators also sought to include Algeria’s land and people in French law as an alternative to the Islamic law that hinders it, and this Until the general perception of the mechanism of the transition of power from the Turkish character to the French and the necessity of a quick transition so that France can obtain the necessary real estate container as a first process for the stability of the army and a second process for expansion, this will lead to the dismantling of the Algerians’ ownership of their lands and the disruption of the social structure.
Diseases of women and children in the city of Constantine in the light of the death record (1840-1841)
We aim through this research paper to identify the most important diseases that affected women and children, in the city of Constantine in the year (1841-1840) based on the death record, which monitored data and information about the health situation, and documented the most important diseases, which spread in the city at the beginning of the French occupation. We have tried to focus on the group most vulnerable to diseases, the segment of women and children, which was suffering from deprivation and marginalization, by researching the nature of these diseases that cause death, and the causes of their spread linked to climatic factors, or living conditions; Such as malnutrition, lack of hygiene, and lack of attention to the health aspect during that period.
Ismail Bouderbah's travel to Ghat in 1858, its objectives, and results in the French occupation's strategy of incursion into the desert
This research is studying the travel of Ismail Bouderbah to Ghat in 1858, one of the most important trips made by one of the most important translators who adopted the French occupation in the desert in a period did not have sufficient information about the desert and special touaregs tribes, This trip from Laghouat to Ghat specially targeted information collection and work on the possibility of signing a commercial agreement with a service for the expansionist strategy for the French occupation
The French Forest System and Its Effects on the Algerians and European Settlers (1830-1930)
The forests in Algeria were distinguished by their diversity, vast area and different density among the three workers of Algeria. They were of vital importance to Algerian society for the requirements of daily life, such as agriculture, housing, cooking wood, heating, household appliances and traditional crafts. Since its occupation of Algeria, the French colonialism has looted its diverse wealth, and exploiting them for his benefit, as the forests were of great importance to the colonial administration, due to their economic and political dimensions and their strong connection to colonial interests and settlement. The objectives of the colonial administration are multifaceted, all of which are aimed at one goal, which is to deprive the Algerians of all the gains and benefits and bestow upon the settlers all their spoils.
The emergence of European settlement centers in Skikda province between Sent 1838-1870
This study is trying to highlight the factors that contributed to the emergence of European settlement centers in Skikda region between the years 1838-1870. Through this article, we tried to clarify the historical upbringing of these centers, starting from the founding of the colonial city (Philipeville) in 1838, and its centers (Valeé, Damremont, Saint Antoine), then the European settlement centers in Wadi Safsaf, Wadi Fandak (Al-Harrouch, Saint Charles, Robertville, Gastonville, Jemmapes), which was founded between 1844 and 1848, and showed the development of settlements in the region and the difficulties he faced during the period of military rule.
The crimes of the French occupation against The Rahmaniene Brotherhood in the Aures region during the 19th century CE" The Revolution of 1879 as an example
The aim of this study is to shed light on the criminal policy pursued by the French occupation against Rahmaniene Brotherhood in the Aures region during the nineteenth century AD, to break their authority and obstruct all their activities, as they were like the fuel of revolutions in the region against the French occupation. The Aures Revolution of 1879 led by Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman or “Sheikh Boubarma” as he called by the French authority, which was in this, time El- Moukadam of El-Tarika Rahamania, is the most important example for anyone wants to study the crimes of the French occupation against the Algerian people and the Algerian respond. the crimes committed by the French authority was the cause of the outbreak of this revolution and during the process of conforming the Revolution the French committed more crimes and did not stop at an end. After the failure of the revolution, the measures were very harsh.
The Problem of Real Estates in Algeria during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century (1850-1900)
As early as 1834, the French colonial administration had made it very clear that Algerian territory is not treated not only as conquered territory but as part and parcel of France’s own territorial mainland. Hence, the famous/infamous law of Senatus-Consult of 1863 with which France had to profit from its war of conquest by appropriating huge real estates properties. The present article addresses several updates of the same law during the third republic both in 1873 and 1887. The article traces also the native elites’ responses to the massive dispossession as this law become actionable
Livestock production in colonial Algeria and its contribution to foreign trade with France during the period (1870-1914)
This study summarizes some aspects of the colonial economic policy in Algeria during the period (1870-1914 AD) based on capitalist thought that France brought into the agricultural sector as a means for the development of societies. Hence the interest in animal breeding by the colon and worked to develop it and competed with the Algerians in their source of livelihood. The settlers’ interest in the animal barn in Algeria and the development of its census and the introduction of new breeds made them direct their animal production towards the French market in particular and foreign markets in general to ensure the permanence of serving the colonial economy based on the wealth of the settlement of Algeria and serving the metropolitan economy.
The reformist elite and their position on the issue of compulsory conscription 1912
The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed sharp discussions on the issue of forced conscription of Algerians into the ranks of the French army, which culminated in the last decree issued on February 3, 1912. And it caused a lot of controversy in political circles, as it witnessed the emergence of several parties that expressed their opinion regarding the recruitment issue Whether it is Algerian or French, and among these groups that expressed their position, we find the reformist elite whose position is characterized by disparity and instability, as we find that it was also divided into two parties, a group that agreed to the idea of ​​forced conscription in exchange for France granting privileges to the Algerians, and another party refused forced conscription.
From the history of the resistance and the national liberation movement in Iraq 1914-1920 « Reviews in the National Memory »
This study aims to present a summary of the political developments that Iraq witnessed in the last years of the Ottoman rule, by tracing the path of the revolutionary liberation movement in Iraq, and deducing the most important factors that contributed to its development, with a mention of the most important means adopted in the Iraqi national struggle, and their contribution to fueling the masses Popular people to fight the foreign enemy, and their adherence to the principle of freedom and independence. We have concluded that Iraq witnessed important historical events that constituted a turning point in its political history, the most prominent of which was the beginning of the spread of the Arab nationalist movement, so the Iraqis became among the most important supporters and defenders of Arab unity, which contributed to advancing the movement of the national struggle, and their rejection of the British occupation, so they did not hesitate to declare the armed revolution , which became one of the most important revolutions in the Arab world in that era.
The role of Prince Khaled and the Algerian immigrants in the emergence of the revolutionary independence movement in Algeria 1924 – 1926
During the post-World War I period, the Algerian Muslim elites aspired to engage in political action, under the banner of a national party made up of the Islamic element. The post-World War I reforms and conditions also contributed to improving the political situation in Algeria, but the colonial administration stopped this when Prince Khaled was exiled from Algeria. With the echo of Prince Khaled’s activity in France, and the heavy presence of Algerian immigrants in France, who benefited from the margin of freedom in France, the national cause found an outlet for it, and the immigrants were able to establish the North African Star, which was considered the first Algerian national revolutionary party, and historians differ in opinions about who is credited with Introducing the idea and establishing the party. In this research paper, we try to study the issue.
Arabic and Islamic Education through the Themes of the Algerian Newspaper:El-Balagh Eljazayri (1926-1948) Between Reality and Aspirations
In this article, we attempt to highlight the views of the Alawi Sufi Tariq and their stance regarding the reality of Arab and Islamic education in colonial Algeria. We survey the writings of El-Balagh El-Jazayry through its different issues. This newspaper represented the mouthpiece and the defender of Sufism and Sufi Tariqs in the face of reformist attacks. After a careful study of the articles of the newspaper, it has become clear that the state of Arabic and Islamic education in Algeria at that time was a preoccupation for the newspaper’s editors and writers. They frequently dealt with this preoccupation through criticism, analysis, proposals, and encouragement of scholars of the nation in an effort to promote it and ultimately preserve the components of the Algerian nationhood presented mainly in the language and religion of Algerians.
The relationship of The elected group and the currents of the Algerian national movement between (1927-1937)
The Algerian patriotism, despite its ideological diversity, crystallized in the rejection of the French colonial laws that made the Algerians foreigners in their homeland, and the period between the two world wars witnessed the birth of political and cultural movements that engaged in fighting and confronting this policy. Create elites who carried the hopes and aspirations of society towards dignity and equality, the most prominent of which was the independence, reform and inclusion movement. The thirties were full of events and political interactions imposed by the transformations that France itself experienced and the resulting different positions between the currents of the national movement that ranged from rapprochement and sometimes alliance to disharmony and antagonism Other times.
The uprising of May 8, in the Ain -Al-Kabira region through the some living testimonies
The colonial village of Périgotville (Ain -El-Kabira located 27 km north of Sétif) and its surroundings considered to be one of the areas that had experienced the bloody eighth of May 1945, and was even a hotspots. It is true that the events started in the city of Sétif after the peaceful march turned into violence but quickly spread to the surrounding villages. Where the region had experienced tragic events, those who undergone the experience still remember the horror that spread among the population. In this article, we try to focus on these painful events relying on French official documents on the one hand, and on the other, the testimonies of some of those who experienced these events.
Salah Boubnider and his role in the national movement and the Algerian revolution (1945-1962)
The Algerian revolution in general, and the second region in particular (North Constantine), gave birth to a leader who belongs to the military category first, who was able to reach the highest ranks of leadership in the revolution gradually from an official for the “Wadi El-Zanati” region in the outskirts of “Guelma” and then a leader of the attacks of August 20, 1955 in “Al-Kharoub” And he is rewarded with responsibility for the “Ain Karma” area on the outskirts of “Constantine”, and when “Ali Kafi” assumed the leadership of the second state, he appointed him as a military official in 1957, which allowed him to be a member of the Council of the second state and from him a member of the National Council of the Algerian Revolution, and ended with The matter was up to the leader of the same province in the spring of 1959 until 1962... He is "Saleh Bubnaidar", known as "Sawt al-Arab" or "Si Saleh" as his comrades in arms call him
Contributions of Algerian Students to the National Movement and the Algerian liberation révolution
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Algerian students have realized the heavy burdens they will have to bear in the cause of their country, confident in the results of the struggle for liberation and independence. They must prepare themselves to face the new responsibilities entrusted to them to publicize the grievances of French colonialism in the universal and French universities and to emphasize the existence of an Algerian nation and people who have not and will not be fused with France. Believing in this new task, these students did not hesitate to sacrifice for the Algerian Revolution. This study aims to re-read aspects of the struggle of Algerian students based on new documents to understand how to mobilize the student movement abroad around the goals of the Algerian revolution.
The position of the Algerian National press about the political Assassinations in tunisia: Farhat Hashad and Al-Hadi Shaker as a model )1952-1953(
The activity of the national movement in Tunisia increased since the beginning of the fifties of the twentieth century by calling for the Tunisian issue to be presented in international forums. The reactions of the French authorities were violent, as they resorted to infernal methods, represented in exile, arrests, killing and assassinations of prominent elements in the Tunisian national movement with the aim of eliminating votes Demanding the independence of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba and Monji Salim were arrested on January 18, 1952, then the unionist Farhat Hached was assassinated on December 5, 1952, and the militant Hedi Chaker was assassinated on September 13, 1953.
Chadli Bendjedid’s contribution to the Algerian revolution through his memoirs
Through this article, we seek to shed light on the contribution of Chadli bin Jadid to the Algerian revolution through his memoirs tagged "Chedli bin Jadid's Memoirs, Features and Life" issued in 2011 by Dar Al Kasbah Publishing, edited by Abdelaziz Boubakir and covering the period 1929-1979, It dealt with the first part, which deals with his life and childhood, and the reasons for his political and military path during the revolution. We will try to stand on the revolutionary work in the eastern base and the northern region, and what his memoirs added of historical material related to the revolution in general and the eastern base in particular. It highlighted the most important battles he fought and his contribution to organizing and framing the region until his injury, and highlighted his positions on the events and vicissitudes of the revolution at the local and national levels.
Torture is a form of colonial oppression in the face of the Algerian revolution of purification
To confront the Algerian liberation revolution, the French occupation authorities used many forms of repression against the Algerians, including; Torture, which was used in various ways and imposed on patriots and suspects, and affected tens of thousands of Algerians and many segments of society, given that the person arrested is suspicious, and therefore must go through the stages of torture until his fate is determined. In this article, we will address: Colonial torture and its types and the methods used against the Algerians during the liberation revolution within the framework of forms of colonial oppression to confront the liberation revolution.These inhuman methods and methods were practiced against the Algerians during the liberation revolution in order to abandon their cause; It has had negative effects on Algerian society and continues to this day, and is considered a crime of French colonialism in Algeria.
The Algerian war and the military internationalization strategy of the Algerian cause 1954-1961
This study is included in the approach between two strategic issues which had been a cornerstone of the evolutionary path of the Algerian Revolution, the political internationalism of the Algerian issue and its stakes at the diplomatic containment policy that France was exercising against the delegates of the editorial revolution at the level of international forums,which prevented the empowerment to bring the Algerian issue out of the duality of the French-Algerian struggle ; hence, by the rising tide of the Algerian Revolution in 1955 ,especially at the regional level the question of broadening the cycle of the military conflict in the Moroccan and Tunisian lands would evolve, by setting up a rear military bases for the revolution which later became receiving logistical and even human support from Chinese and Russian techs and experts who have trained the National Liberation Army unit's stationed on the Algerian eastern and western borders'. Their presence meant a real danger for the entire region, but not only the western camp (The United States of America) and the French government at that time, but even the leaders of the Algerian Revolution. That's why we thought we'd stand by at the stake and its challenges which faced by the revolution, using reports of the Interim Government and the National Council of the Algerian Revolution through their discussions about the same issue and their awareness of the extent of this strategy.
The role of Algerian female students graduating from faculty of medicine and nursing schools in supporting the health system during the Algerian revolution (1954-1962)
The registration of some Algerian female students in the field of medicine during the period of the French occupation had an important role, especially after the outbreak of the Algerian liberation revolution, Their first start was, especially in the field of paramedics, as large numbers of them graduated from nurse training schools, especially with the beginning of the fifties of the twentieth century, The doctor will have a major role in organizing and developing the health sector of the National liberation Army, despite the simplicity of the means and treatment possibilities.
Human Values in the texts of the National liberation Front directed to the Algerian Jews
The national liberation front realized from the beginning that it is facing a diverse social structure in Algeria and that it can not combine these various formations unless it adopts methods that achieve social justice and instill moral and human values among the varioue members of society. Ages were considered part of the social sturcture of the population of Algeria, the front paid them great every time through texts and appeals addressed to them to convince them that independent Algeria is based on justice and equality in rights and duties among all those who hold Algerian citizenship
Salah Louanchi and his role in the Algerian liberation revolution (1955-1957)
This article deals with the personality of the fighter, Salah Louanchi, who has a long struggle record and one of the revolutionary intellectuals, who had a prominent political activity during the liberation revolution phase, whether inside or outside the country, principally in the field of media. And in context of this role we tried to introduce him and his achievements, Especially during his Assumption of the responsibility of running the federation of the National Liberation Front in France, which assumed its duties at a very critical stage, and despite that, in a short period of time, he was able to achieve several gains in favor of the front in the media and diplomacy, as he was able to win broad left spectra to support the national cause.
Baja Cente the first training center during the Algerian revolution 1957-1958
The revolution attached great importance to the military training that was approved by the Soumam Conference as an effective and essential element, which witnessed a gradual development and continued until independence. Therefore, the leadership of the revolution with its executive body represented by the Coordination and Execution Committee decided to establish centers on the eastern borders for the emergency training of the Mujahideen and their formation in the arts of fighting and revolutionary war. Its importance stands out in that it is one of the main tasks that the leaders of the revolution focused on to achieve a set of goals, and it is considered one of the factors that contributed to the victory of the National Liberation Army. The leadership of the revolution opened several military training centers, including the Beja Military Training School in 1956 on the Tunisian-Algerian border, to train the elements of the Liberation Army as the first Algerian training school during the liberation revolution, under the supervision of Rabah Idir as an official at the center assisted by Algerian trainers after they piled up in the Arab Mashreq, where they worked on Develop a rich, intense and rich program in the military and martial arts, based mainly on guerrilla warfare as a strategy in the face of the French army.
The Political Role of the Army High Command during the Algerian Revolution (1960-1962)
Since its outbreak, the Algerian revolution depended on limited governing bodies, particularly the Front for National Liberation (FLN) and the Army for National Liberation (ALN). Nonetheless, the internal and external circumstances urged the leaders of the revolution to create other political and military bodies to be able to keep up with the various developments. These include the Interim Government of the Algerian Republic, The National Council for the Revolution, and the Army High Command. The latter was established by the beginning of 1960, and it made a military significance especial across Algeria’s eastern and western borders. As the negotiations approached, the Army High Command participated actively in the negotiation rounds, upholding an opinion of non-compromise to France and facing its political maneuvers to achieve as many strategic privileges as possible
Akli Mohand Walhaj, leader of the third historical department A view of his positions on the issues of the transitional period (1962)
This study deals with one of the revolutionary personalities, who is Colonel Akli Mohand OualHadj, the leader of the historical third state. Far from the biographical study that stands on the narration of the man’s struggle path, we specifically address his positions and opinions on some of the complex transitional issues and their approach with the lines drawn by the texts of the liberation revolution, stating that France’s exit from Algeria after staying 132 years will leave behind a very complex general situation, especially what It is related to the political issues that were dealt with in the Evian Accords, but the reality devoted in that short period and related to the interactions of the revolution is difficult to determine on the ground. Here the colonel had a personal view of this reality.
The border dispute between Senegal and Mauritania between 1989 – 1991
The follower of African events understands the multiplicity of conflicts in the continent, as well as the different nature of these conflicts and their causes, which leads to the different means of settlement.On the one hand,and its sensitivity, on the other hand,despite the occurrence of many tensions and disputs historically between Mauritania and Senegal, which were visible on the horizon since 1985 and the outbreak of the crisis in 1989 as a result of the excesses of Senegalse farmers and Mauritanin herders, the successive governments in both countries,it worked to reduce the chances of conflict or conflict erupting.and to prevent the situation from deteriorating by setting these disputes quickly
Teaching history in the decisions and curricula of the Algerian educational system
The article deals with the method of teaching history in the curricula and curriculum of the Algerian Ministry of National Education. It starts from the importance of this subject and then the objectives of its teaching, by providing an overview of the history subject in the system. The article concludes with a number of conclusions on the subject.The article aims to reveal the reality of teaching history in all phases of the Algerian Ministry of National Education, from primary education to secondary education through intermediate education. The courier assigned to it as well as the timing of its teaching according to each division.
Unpublished stela of a couple of a priestess and a soldier from Thamugadi
In this article, we propose to make an iconographic study of a funerary stele from the city of Timgad, the ancient Thamugadi. This stele was the subject of a doctoral study in 1983 (Hammoutene, 1983, pp. 66-67, n° IA.12, fig. IA.12 ) , but it has never been published and has remained unknown to the scientific community. Its importance lies in the fact that it sheds light on the composition of the Roman city of Thamugadi. Furthermore, the iconographic scheme carved on the stele is one of the rarest in the region and it happens to have its parallels in the rest of the Roman Empire, which is why we will make a comparative study with