The policy of defensive fortifications among the Umayyad princes and caliphs in Andalusia between the 2-4 centuries AH/8-10 AD A study in the aspects of diversity and effectiveness of performance

Abstract

This study deals with the policy of defensive fortifications carried out by the Umayyad princes and caliphs, which consisted mainly in the construction of city walls, and the construction of castles, military towers, and sea ligaments, in addition to their interest in building coastal cities and restoring some of them. Activity during their reign, especially in the eras of Prince Abdul Rahman al-Awsat and Caliph Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir, and some well-known maritime groups in Andalusia in those ages participated in laying the foundations of the strength of this navy. The dominant foreign powers at that time, such as the Franks, the Normans, and even the Fatimids in Maghreb, were unable to penetrate those fortifications.