Tools and calligraphies used in Diwaniyah writing during the Umayyad period

Abstract

Archival writing - or what is known in the first sources as dewan writing - has origins and rules, that only the people with full knowledge of administrative principles and rules of the Sultanate perform could do it, and on this were restricted to administrative restrictions, and knew the use of many tools that were available and known to the writers during that era, it also knew the usage of special calligraphies . Thus,our study aims to highlight and extrapolate tools and calligraphies that were used in archival writing during the first century (AH).