Aissaoui , Mohammed. “The Foundation of Studying the History of Islam and the Abbasid State in the Perspective of Modern and Contemporary Western Orientalism ”. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 11, no. 02 (December 28, 2021): 246. Accessed February 4, 2026. https://journals.univ-msila.dz/index.php/JOSSH/article/view/3456.