saidani, Mahfoudh. “The Trade in the Maghreb Arab Region During the Ottoman Empire in 18th - 19th Century”. The Algerian Historical Journal 5, no. 02 (August 13, 2026): 567–588. Accessed September 30, 2026. https://journals.univ-msila.dz/index.php/AHJ/article/view/10385.